我们看话剧时,通常看一小段即可知道主角是谁、龙套是谁。读英文原版,同样需要关注句哪些词语是“主角”(核心成分,主谓宾等),哪些又是“龙套”(修饰成分)。抓取一个英文句子的“主角”,是精读原版最重要的步骤。
步骤二操作方法:
根据之前讲的5种基本句型,找到所有的修饰成分(龙套),全部用括号括起来,暂时不处理;保留核心成分(主角,主谓宾等),底下划线,提取句子的核心意思。遇到生词如果猜不出准确意思,就查词典,确保完全看懂每个句子。
“活捉演员中的主角”
试想一下,如果看一个句子,不提取它的核心成分,能不能轻松地理解意思?看这个句子:
When Leo was seven,he got a clever and nice pig whose name was Feifei from his uncle who loved training pigs to be superstars.
句子这么很长,修饰成分一大堆,看完之后是不是有点懵圈?尽管这个句子看上去很复杂,我们还是有方法搞定它,这就是“赶龙套法”,找出充当龙套角色的修饰成分,用括号括起来,整个句子变成:
(When Leo was seven),he got a (clever and nice) pig (whose name was Feifei) (from his uncle) (who loved training pigs to be superstars).
暂时先把“龙套”赶走,不理它们,将注意力聚焦在充当主角的主语、谓语、宾语、表语等成分上,得到由4个单词组成的核心内容:
He got a pig.
相当清爽!
上面这个句子是我胡诌的,现在进入实战,分析真正出现在原版书中的句子。如果它们的修饰成分比刚才的句子更复杂、排列顺序更奇葩,又该如何“赶龙套”?请看:
Yes, we would like to think that we would be interested in a story without conflict because it wouldn’t put us through emotional turmoil, but the surprising truth is that the conflict in the story is what keeps audience members watching a movie.
(摘自Ted Talks Storytelling,作者Akash Karia)
找出所有的“龙套”,用括号括起来,整个句子变成:
(Yes,) we would like to think (that we would be interested in a story) (without conflict) (because it wouldn’t put us through emotional turmoil), but the (surprising) truth is (that the conflict in the story is)(what keeps audience members watching a movie).
剩下的核心内容有2部分:
We would like to thinkA(A代指一件事),but the truth isB.
我们认为情况是A,但真相是B.
套用之前谈到的句子的2种套路,逗号前的核心内容属于第1个套路:什么人(或物)做了什么事;逗号后的核心内容属于第2个套路:什么人(或物)是怎样的。经过这么分析和拆解,一个复杂的句子最终将变得很简单,很容易理解。
“龙套快跑”
前面多次谈到英文句子中人人喊打的龙套,那么哪些词语是句子的龙套?在核心句子中,依附或服务主、谓、宾、系、表的成分,都是龙套。
值得注意的是,我们要能准确判断出那一部分是核心句子。如果句子很简单,没有并列的分句,或用连词引领的分句(也叫从句),那它本身就是核心句子,直接“赶龙套”就可以,例如:
Wang Ergou sunbathes in the desert every morning.
如果句子由一个或几个分句合力构成,用and, but, so等少数几个连词建立“兄弟”关系(并列),且“兄弟们平起平坐”,比如这个句子:
Wang Ergou is keen on taking a sunbathe in the desert, so he has special skin.
逗号前后的分句都属于核心句子,那么要分别“赶龙套”。
还有一种情况,句子也是由一个或几个分句合力构成,但分句之间“不能平起平坐”,而是“主人”(主导)和“仆人”(跟从)的关系,“仆人”需要and, but, so之外的that, which等连词引荐,才能和“主人”站在一排。在这样的句子中,连词后面的从句一律算作“龙套”,例如:
Although Wang Ergou has a talent for sunbathing in the desert, he did not realize it until last year.
跟在连词Although后(逗号前)的句子是从句,属于“龙套”;he开头的为主句,是核心句子,不过也可能含有少量“龙套”,需要赶走。
现在,我们汇总一下在句子中经常出现的5种主要“龙套”,例句大多来自原版书Energy Reset,作者Michelle L Brown:
1、形容词、副词
包括单个的形容词或副词,以及它们各自的组合,这些修饰成分很容易挑出来。
Look, I’m not (some hippie, no makeup wearing, only-eat-organic-food-that-I-cooked-myself) kinda girl.(形容词组合)
Toxic foods weren’t the only place where my immune system, (slowly but surely), was being overwhelmed by toxins either.(副词组合)
2、介词短语
通常为“介词+名词/代词”结构。
Fatigue is always a sign (of a greater underlying issue).(介词of+名词组合)
3、不定式短语
to+动词+其他成分。
Ever had an important report due at work but you just can’t seem (to wrap your head) around it and get it pulled off on time?(to+动词+代词和名词)
4、分词短语
包括ing形式的现在分词、ed形式的过去分词。
In fact, it just grew longer as my time was spent (lying on the couch), (trying to recover just enough) to take care of the basic needs of my young children.(现在分词短语)
(Given better attention) , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky.(过去分词短语)
5、从句
主要包括宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句,它们很容易被辨认出,一般跟在that, who等连词后。
So now we know (that sleep is essential to our mental and physical well-being).(宾语从句,充当动词know的对象)
(When we are not getting adequate sleep), the stress hormone cortisol rises in response.(状语从句,说明动作rises的时间特征)
Fortunately for Cuddy, she had an advisor (who wouldn’t let her quit).(定语从句,表示advisor是什么样的人)
以上“龙套”,在复杂的长句子里,可能会扎堆出现,我们要能全部辨认出。
“赶龙套”先苦后甜,熟练之后无须动笔
快速挑出英文句子中的修饰成分,找到核心内容,是一项需要花时间熟练的技能。考虑到工作量和效率,我们不可能挑出整本书的修饰成分,但可以在每个章节,选取开头或其他位置的1~2页,用铅笔仔细分析,坚持每天训练,预计1~3周就能熟练这项技巧。
到了这个程度,精读原版不用再做详细的语法分析,不动笔就能一眼看出句子的修饰成分,快速理解句子意思。